The CMR enables not only accurate and reproducible measurements of ventricular size and function to be done, but also is considered the reference standard for the quantitative assessment of pulmonary regurgitation. Therefore, pre-procedural patients’ evaluation is of particular importance.Īccording to the current European guidelines on management of patients with congenital heart diseases, all patients with repaired TOF should undergo cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. One of the most crucial elements of the successful percutaneous treatment is the appropriate vascular access which provides suitable conditions for device maneuvers as well as guaranteeing patients’ safety. Additionally, since most such patients reach adulthood, they require interventions not only due to the underlying congenital pathology but also due to acquired cardiac diseases such as obstructive coronary artery disease.Īny re-intervention in a previously operated patient is a great challenge for a surgeon and/or an interventionalcardiologist. Moreover, due to atrial or ventricular arrhythmias, or conduction disturbances, a substantial group of patients with repaired TOF develop indications for pacemataneker or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, or percutaneous radiofrequency catheter ablation. Therefore, the majority of patients require re-interventions (either surgical or percutaneous) to have these lesions treated. pulmonary regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, residual ventricular septal defect, tricuspid regurgitation, and others. However, many patients long after the primary repair suffer from late consequences, e.g.
![the most unknown inomilies in medical hiistory the most unknown inomilies in medical hiistory](https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0167739X20329927-gr13.jpg)
Owing to the progress in the surgical treatment, the majority of patients reach adulthood and constitute a continuously growing population. Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease.